先写一段测试代码:
const TIME_LAYOUT = '2006-01-02 15:04:05'func parseWithLocation(name string, timeStr string) (time.Time, error) { locationName := name if l, err := time.LoadLocation(locationName); err != nil { println(err.Error()) return time.Time{}, err } else { lt, _ := time.ParseInLocation(TIME_LAYOUT, timeStr, l) fmt.Println(locationName, lt) return lt, nil }}func testTime() { fmt.Println('0. now: ', time.Now()) str := '2018-09-10 00:00:00' fmt.Println('1. str: ', str) t, _ := time.Parse(TIME_LAYOUT, str) fmt.Println('2. Parse time: ', t) tStr := t.Format(TIME_LAYOUT) fmt.Println('3. Format time str: ', tStr) name, offset := t.Zone() name2, offset2 := t.Local().Zone() fmt.Printf('4. Zone name: %v, Zone offset: %vn', name, offset) fmt.Printf('5. Local Zone name: %v, Local Zone offset: %vn', name2, offset2) tLocal := t.Local() tUTC := t.UTC() fmt.Printf('6. t: %v, Local: %v, UTC: %vn', t, tLocal, tUTC) fmt.Printf('7. t: %v, Local: %v, UTC: %vn', t.Format(TIME_LAYOUT), tLocal.Format(TIME_LAYOUT), tUTC.Format(TIME_LAYOUT)) fmt.Printf('8. Local.Unix: %v, UTC.Unix: %vn', tLocal.Unix(), tUTC.Unix()) str2 := '1969-12-31 23:59:59' t2, _ := time.Parse(TIME_LAYOUT, str2) fmt.Printf('9. str2:%v,time: %v, Unix: %vn', str2, t2, t2.Unix()) fmt.Printf('10. %v, %vn', tLocal.Format(time.ANSIC), tUTC.Format(time.ANSIC)) fmt.Printf('11. %v, %vn', tLocal.Format(time.RFC822), tUTC.Format(time.RFC822)) fmt.Printf('12. %v, %vn', tLocal.Format(time.RFC822Z), tUTC.Format(time.RFC822Z)) //指定时区 parseWithLocation('America/Cordoba', str) parseWithLocation('Asia/Shanghai', str) parseWithLocation('Asia/Beijing', str)}testTime()
输出:
0. now: 2018-09-19 19:06:07.3642781 +0800 CST m=+0.0059956011. str: 2018-09-10 00:00:002. Parse time: 2018-09-10 00:00:00 +0000 UTC3. Format time str: 2018-09-10 00:00:004. Zone name: UTC, Zone offset: 05. Local Zone name: CST, Local Zone offset: 288006. t: 2018-09-10 00:00:00 +0000 UTC, Local: 2018-09-10 08:00:00 +0800 CST, UTC: 2018-09-10 00:00:00 +0000 UTC7. t: 2018-09-10 00:00:00, Local: 2018-09-10 08:00:00, UTC: 2018-09-10 00:00:008. Local.Unix: 1536537600, UTC.Unix: 15365376009. str2:1969-12-31 23:59:59,time: 1969-12-31 23:59:59 +0000 UTC, Unix: -110. Mon Sep 10 08:00:00 2018, Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 201811. 10 Sep 18 08:00 CST, 10 Sep 18 00:00 UTC12. 10 Sep 18 08:00 +0800, 10 Sep 18 00:00 +0000America/Cordoba 2018-09-10 00:00:00 -0300 -03Asia/Shanghai 2018-09-10 00:00:00 +0800 CSTcannot find Asia/Beijing in zip file C:Go/lib/time/zoneinfo.zip
从以上代码的测试结果可以得出几点:
time.Now 得到的当前时间的时区跟电脑的当前时区一样。 time.Parse 把时间字符串转换为Time,时区是UTC时区。 不管Time变量存储的是什么时区,其Unix()方法返回的都是距离UTC时间:1970年1月1日0点0分0秒的秒数。 Unix()返回的秒数可以是负数,如果时间小于1970-01-01 00:00:00的话。 Zone方法可以获得变量的时区和时区与UTC的偏移秒数,应该支持夏令时和冬令时。 time.LoadLocation可以根据时区名创建时区Location,所有的时区名字可以在$GOROOT/lib/time/zoneinfo.zip文件中找到,解压zoneinfo.zip可以得到一堆目录和文件,我们只需要目录和文件的名字,时区名是目录名+文件名,比如'Asia/Shanghai'。中国时区名只有'Asia/Shanghai'和'Asia/Chongqing',而没有'Asia/Beijing'。 time.ParseInLocation可以根据时间字符串和指定时区转换Time。 感谢中国只有一个时区而且没有夏令时和冬令时,可怕的美国居然有6个时区,想想都可怕。神奇的time.Parse一开始使用time.Parse时很不习惯,因为非常奇怪的layout参数。除了golang自带定义的layout:
const ( ANSIC = 'Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006' UnixDate = 'Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 MST 2006' RubyDate = 'Mon Jan 02 15:04:05 -0700 2006' RFC822 = '02 Jan 06 15:04 MST' RFC822Z = '02 Jan 06 15:04 -0700' // RFC822 with numeric zone RFC850 = 'Monday, 02-Jan-06 15:04:05 MST' RFC1123 = 'Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 MST' RFC1123Z = 'Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 -0700' // RFC1123 with numeric zone RFC3339 = '2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00' RFC3339Nano = '2006-01-02T15:04:05.999999999Z07:00' Kitchen = '3:04PM' // Handy time stamps. Stamp = 'Jan _2 15:04:05' StampMilli = 'Jan _2 15:04:05.000' StampMicro = 'Jan _2 15:04:05.000000' StampNano = 'Jan _2 15:04:05.000000000')
还可以自定义layout,比如:
'2006-01-02 15:04:05'
网上基本上都在传说这个日子是golang项目开始创建的时间,为了纪念生日才这样设计,其实这真是无稽之谈瞎扯淡。网上文章没有找到说的比较清楚的,幸好有源码,打开time.Parse的源码看了一下,发现这个设计很好很科学。解析layout的主要代码在nextStdChunk方法中:
// nextStdChunk finds the first occurrence of a std string in// layout and returns the text before, the std string, and the text after.func nextStdChunk(layout string) (prefix string, std int, suffix string) { for i := 0; i < len(layout); i++ { switch c := int(layout[i]); c { case ’J’: // January, Jan if len(layout) >= i+3 && layout[i:i+3] == 'Jan' { if len(layout) >= i+7 && layout[i:i+7] == 'January' { return layout[0:i], stdLongMonth, layout[i+7:] } if !startsWithLowerCase(layout[i+3:]) { return layout[0:i], stdMonth, layout[i+3:] } } case ’M’: // Monday, Mon, MST if len(layout) >= i+3 { if layout[i:i+3] == 'Mon' { if len(layout) >= i+6 && layout[i:i+6] == 'Monday' { return layout[0:i], stdLongWeekDay, layout[i+6:] } if !startsWithLowerCase(layout[i+3:]) { return layout[0:i], stdWeekDay, layout[i+3:] } } if layout[i:i+3] == 'MST' { return layout[0:i], stdTZ, layout[i+3:] } } case ’0’: // 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06 if len(layout) >= i+2 && ’1’ <= layout[i+1] && layout[i+1] <= ’6’ { return layout[0:i], std0x[layout[i+1]-’1’], layout[i+2:] } case ’1’: // 15, 1 if len(layout) >= i+2 && layout[i+1] == ’5’ { return layout[0:i], stdHour, layout[i+2:] } return layout[0:i], stdNumMonth, layout[i+1:] case ’2’: // 2006, 2 if len(layout) >= i+4 && layout[i:i+4] == '2006' { return layout[0:i], stdLongYear, layout[i+4:] } return layout[0:i], stdDay, layout[i+1:] case ’_’: // _2, _2006 if len(layout) >= i+2 && layout[i+1] == ’2’ { //_2006 is really a literal _, followed by stdLongYear if len(layout) >= i+5 && layout[i+1:i+5] == '2006' { return layout[0 : i+1], stdLongYear, layout[i+5:] } return layout[0:i], stdUnderDay, layout[i+2:] } case ’3’: return layout[0:i], stdHour12, layout[i+1:] case ’4’: return layout[0:i], stdMinute, layout[i+1:] case ’5’: return layout[0:i], stdSecond, layout[i+1:] case ’P’: // PM if len(layout) >= i+2 && layout[i+1] == ’M’ { return layout[0:i], stdPM, layout[i+2:] } case ’p’: // pm if len(layout) >= i+2 && layout[i+1] == ’m’ { return layout[0:i], stdpm, layout[i+2:] } case ’-’: // -070000, -07:00:00, -0700, -07:00, -07 if len(layout) >= i+7 && layout[i:i+7] == '-070000' { return layout[0:i], stdNumSecondsTz, layout[i+7:] } if len(layout) >= i+9 && layout[i:i+9] == '-07:00:00' { return layout[0:i], stdNumColonSecondsTZ, layout[i+9:] } if len(layout) >= i+5 && layout[i:i+5] == '-0700' { return layout[0:i], stdNumTZ, layout[i+5:] } if len(layout) >= i+6 && layout[i:i+6] == '-07:00' { return layout[0:i], stdNumColonTZ, layout[i+6:] } if len(layout) >= i+3 && layout[i:i+3] == '-07' { return layout[0:i], stdNumShortTZ, layout[i+3:] } case ’Z’: // Z070000, Z07:00:00, Z0700, Z07:00, if len(layout) >= i+7 && layout[i:i+7] == 'Z070000' { return layout[0:i], stdISO8601SecondsTZ, layout[i+7:] } if len(layout) >= i+9 && layout[i:i+9] == 'Z07:00:00' { return layout[0:i], stdISO8601ColonSecondsTZ, layout[i+9:] } if len(layout) >= i+5 && layout[i:i+5] == 'Z0700' { return layout[0:i], stdISO8601TZ, layout[i+5:] } if len(layout) >= i+6 && layout[i:i+6] == 'Z07:00' { return layout[0:i], stdISO8601ColonTZ, layout[i+6:] } if len(layout) >= i+3 && layout[i:i+3] == 'Z07' { return layout[0:i], stdISO8601ShortTZ, layout[i+3:] } case ’.’: // .000 or .999 - repeated digits for fractional seconds. if i+1 < len(layout) && (layout[i+1] == ’0’ || layout[i+1] == ’9’) { ch := layout[i+1] j := i + 1 for j < len(layout) && layout[j] == ch { j++ } // String of digits must end here - only fractional second is all digits. if !isDigit(layout, j) { std := stdFracSecond0 if layout[i+1] == ’9’ { std = stdFracSecond9 } std |= (j - (i + 1)) << stdArgShift return layout[0:i], std, layout[j:] } } } } return layout, 0, ''}
可以发现layout的所有代表年月日时分秒甚至时区的值都是互斥不相等的。
比如年份:短年份06,长年份2006,月份:01,Jan,January日:02,2,_2时:15,3,03分:04, 4秒:05, 5
因为都不相等所以通过遍历layout就可以switch case解析出每个区块的意义和在字符串中的位置,这样输入对应格式的时间字符串就可以顺利解析出来。这样layout也可以自定义,而且顺序任意,只要符合下列每个区块定义的规则即可,代码中的注释就是规则写法:
const ( _ = iota stdLongMonth = iota + stdNeedDate // 'January' stdMonth // 'Jan' stdNumMonth // '1' stdZeroMonth // '01' stdLongWeekDay // 'Monday' stdWeekDay // 'Mon' stdDay // '2' stdUnderDay // '_2' stdZeroDay // '02' stdHour = iota + stdNeedClock // '15' stdHour12 // '3' stdZeroHour12 // '03' stdMinute // '4' stdZeroMinute // '04' stdSecond // '5' stdZeroSecond // '05' stdLongYear = iota + stdNeedDate // '2006' stdYear // '06' stdPM = iota + stdNeedClock // 'PM' stdpm // 'pm' stdTZ = iota // 'MST' stdISO8601TZ // 'Z0700' // prints Z for UTC stdISO8601SecondsTZ // 'Z070000' stdISO8601ShortTZ // 'Z07' stdISO8601ColonTZ // 'Z07:00' // prints Z for UTC stdISO8601ColonSecondsTZ // 'Z07:00:00' stdNumTZ // '-0700' // always numeric stdNumSecondsTz // '-070000' stdNumShortTZ // '-07' // always numeric stdNumColonTZ // '-07:00' // always numeric stdNumColonSecondsTZ // '-07:00:00' stdFracSecond0 // '.0', '.00', ... , trailing zeros included stdFracSecond9 // '.9', '.99', ..., trailing zeros omitted stdNeedDate = 1 << 8 // need month, day, year stdNeedClock = 2 << 8 // need hour, minute, second stdArgShift = 16 // extra argument in high bits, above low stdArgShift stdMask = 1<<stdArgShift - 1 // mask out argument)时区:
时区使用:MST时区偏移使用-0700或者Z0700等等。下面是一个使用时区的例子,Z0700比较特殊,当输入时间直接使用Z时就直接代表UTC时区。
func testTimeParse() { t, _ := time.Parse('2006-01-02 15:04:05 -0700 MST', '2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0800 CST') fmt.Println(t) t, _ = time.Parse('2006-01-02 15:04:05 -0700 MST', '2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0000 CST') fmt.Println(t) t, _ = time.Parse('2006-01-02 15:04:05 Z0700 MST', '2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0800 CST') fmt.Println(t) t, _ = time.Parse('2006-01-02 15:04:05 Z0700 MST', '2018-09-20 15:39:06 Z GMT') fmt.Println(t) t, _ = time.Parse('2006-01-02 15:04:05 Z0700 MST', '2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0000 GMT') fmt.Println(t)}
输出:2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0800 CST2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0000 CST2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0800 CST2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0000 UTC2018-09-20 15:39:06 +0000 GMT
还有疑问的可以看看go自带的测试例子:Go/src/time/example_test.go
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